Wednesday, August 26, 2020

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

History - Essay Example As indicated by Turner, Americans got their one of a kind character from the steady need to confront this incredible wilderness and overcome its ferocity. This gave Americans explicit attributes, for example, independence as they struggled the wild alone, patriotism as they guaranteed new domains for their nation, versatility as they kept on pushing their limits and libertarianism as they found that each man, battling for a methods for getting by, was equivalent to every single other man as they are totally occupied with a similar action and ought to be given a similar chance (Flagg, 1997). In numerous regards, Turner had a valid statement. Americans were continually facing a wilderness limit behind which the world was as yet savage and wild. So as to make this land friendly, it was fundamental for singular spirits, realizing they would not have the support of an enormous network or administrative armed force behind them, to go out and overcome this wild and bring it into request for the ‘proper’ settlement of enlightened society. That there was an outskirts at all introduced a consistent test to all Americans that achievement could be had for the taking on the off chance that one was eager to contend energetically enough for it. Simultaneously, there appeared to be no restriction to this breadth of wild regions to be vanquished, giving Americans the feeling that it was available to any who might come. Be that as it may, as Wibe (2007) clarifies, this hypothesis limited to a revolting degree the job of the ‘savages’ who previously lived in this wild and untamed land. As opposed to just being open and accessible for the taking, quite a bit of this land previously had a place with another individuals, individuals who frequently had bargains with the very government Americans imagined themselves as battling for. There is no record for the absence of disgrace Americans ought to have taken at defiling a land having a place with others, no sign of the ethical demolition brought about by the close

Saturday, August 22, 2020

English Legal System, Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English Legal System, Coursework - Essay Example The principle highlight of the English legitimate framework is that it is living and continually developing to work later on just as it did in the past1. In this manner the absolute most one of a kind element of the English legitimate framework is its legacy from regular law2. The greater part of the attributes regularly connected to English law and its administration of honorableness are recognizable to the at an early stage development in Western Europe of the common and custom-based law customs. As per Goodman (1995), a few trademark results stream from the way that law didn't exude from one incorporated power, for example, papacy, ruler or parliament. The odd development of the customary law in England created it shows up from a happenstance likeness of the execution after the Norman take-over by continuous rulers of local traditions as the establishment for the administration of equity. Struggle evaluation, primarily concerning land title, was a key capacity for equity. Judges were selected by the lord to visit the nation and choose contentions, supported by a nearby adjudicator included by the Normans into operational imperial courts. The preliminary acknowledged a key job in the settlement of questions. Wilson (1995) states that Everybody underestimates the way that law and legitimate frameworks vary in various nations. Be that as it may, it is likewise valid for lawful grant. One purpose behind this is the various obligations legitimate researchers have in various nations for the support and improvement of the neighborhood law...One result is that lawful researchers in various nations may have various plans and this may influence the topic, scope and even the structure and style of the nearby lawful grant. (Source: http://www.chriswallis.com/uni/cnlaw231l01.pdf got to on November 5 2009). To realize a confidence to the law the courts followed the standard of gaze Decisis.3 This is alluded to as the teaching of point of reference. The courts are partitioned into two (IALS Conference, Learning from Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World). They are: I. Predominant courts; ii. Mediocre courts. The House of Lords is the prevalent court however it is a UK court since it rehearses re-appraising expert for all the three legitimate systems.4 The Superior Courts are known as the Supreme Court from November 2009. The Supreme Court comprises of the High Court, the Crown Court and the Court of Appeal (IALS Conference, Learning from Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World). The tenet of point of reference's job in the English lawful framework is significant since precedent-based law is a fundamental premise of law in the English lawful framework. This is inverse to the European lawful framework as it is established on legitimate models and potential outcomes. A great deal of phases of study must be led under a precedent-based law ward with the goal that it very well may be comprehended concerning what the law is. The realities of the law must be seen first and afterward any significant resolutions or lawful cases must be found. At long last the standards 3. Signifying let the choice stand. 4. Anyway the locale isn't general. For instance, while there is a privilege of allure to the House of Lords against common activities in Scotland no such right exists for criminal issues. what's more, the choices utilized for the situation are utilized for what's to come

Sunday, August 16, 2020

Information Systems Example

Information Systems Example Information Systems â€" Assignment Example > 7. *(View Excel sheet named Summery)8. *(View Excel sheet named Chart)9. *(View Excel sheet named Resource Sector)10. Click on the the summery sheet and then click on the button named PrintReport to print. b. click on the sheet named Table and then click on the button named PrintReport to print. 11. Report. REPORT COMPARING THE PROFITABILITY OF SHARES FROM RESOURCE SECTORThe shares purchased from the resource sector include the shares from RIO Resources, the BHP Resources and the Fortescue Resources. This is shown in the table below: -Table 1ShareCost ofpurchased sharesCost ofSalesProfitTotalDividendsPercentageof initialInvestmentRIO $5,160.00 $8,299 $3,139 $49.27 61.79%BHP $10,942.50 $10,950 $7.5 $8708.01%Fortescue $10,100.00 $10,300 $200 $3055.0%The shares in the resource sector traded well over the two-year holding period, RIO Resources earned a total of $49.27 dividends for 100 shares and the Market Value (M. V) of $82.99 per share. This lead to 61.79% total return of the init ial investment. The graph below clearly compares the three sharesGraph 1.Bar graph for different shares in the resource sector against percentage of initial investmentInterpretationComparing the RIO share with other companies in the same sector, it comes out clearly that RIO resources share had the highest percentage of annual return irrespective of the little amount invested. The predominantly striking feature of the graph above is that the RIO shares fared well in the market compared to the other two, on the contrary, it has not been well with the Fortesque shares because their percentage remained low over the whole period. A side by side analysis of the three shares, Fortescue share had the least annual return during the two-year holding period. It is also noted that all the three shares in the resource sector were profitable. Knowing the share prices in the market and their market performance is crucial to succeeding on the stock market, it is therefore important to access and analyse the rate of annual return per share in order to know the shares do be re-invested and those to be disposed. Graphical representation of such data makes it easy to analyse these reports for easy decision making. Microsoft excel therefore plays a very important role in tabulation and graphical data presentation and analysis. It also provides formulas and functions for easy calculation. References Aronoff, C. E., and John, L. W. (1992) Family Business Succession: The Final Test of Greatness. Business Owner Resources. Bruce, J. Feibel, (2003), Investment Performance Measurement. New York. Durham University (2010) Introduction to using macros in Microsof Excel. [Internet] available from http: //www. dur. ac. uk/resources/its/info/guides/39Excel2003Macros. pdf (accessed on 07/08/2011) TechUcomp, Inc. (2010) Advanced Excel [Internet]. Available from: http: //www. teachucomp. com[Accessed 07/08/2011].

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Algebra Definition

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. Algebra is about finding the unknown or putting real-life variables into equations and then solving them.  Algebra can include real and complex numbers, matrices, and vectors. An algebraic equation represents a scale where what is done on one side of the scale is also done to the other and numbers act as constants. The important branch of mathematics dates back centuries, to the Middle East. History Algebra was invented by Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, a mathematician, astronomer, and geographer, who was born about 780 in Baghdad. Al-Khwarizmis treatise on algebra,  al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr waÊ ¾l-muqabala  (â€Å"The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing†), which was published about 830, included elements of Greek, Hebrew, and Hindu works that were derived from Babylonian mathematics more than 2000 years earlier. The term al-jabr in the title led to the word algebra when the work was translated into Latin several centuries later.  Although it sets forth the basic rules of algebra,  the treatise  had a practical objective: to teach, as al-Khwarizmi put it: ...what is easiest and most useful in arithmetic, such as men constantly require in cases of inheritance, legacies, partition, lawsuits, and trade, and in all their dealings with one another, or where the measuring of lands, the digging of canals, geometrical computations, and other objects of various sorts and kinds are concerned. The work included examples as well as algebraic rules to help the reader with practical applications. Uses of Algebra Algebra is widely used in many fields including medicine and accounting, but it can also be useful for everyday problem-solving. Along with developing critical thinking—such as logic, patterns, and deductive and inductive reasoning—understanding the core concepts of algebra can help people better handle complex problems involving numbers. This can help them in the workplace where real-life scenarios of unknown variables related to expenses and profits require employees to use algebraic equations to determine the missing factors. For example, suppose an employee needed to determine how many boxes of detergent he started the day with if he sold 37 but still had 13 remaining. The algebraic equation for this problem would be: x – 37 13 where the number of boxes of detergent he started with is represented by x, the unknown he is trying to solve. Algebra seeks to find the unknown and to find it here, the employee would manipulate the scale of the equation to isolate x on one side by adding 37 to both sides: x – 37 37 13 37x 50 So, the employee started the day with 50 boxes of detergent if he had 13 remaining after selling 37 of them. Types of Algebra There are numerous branches of algebra, but these are generally considered the most important: Elementary: a branch of algebra that deals with the general properties of numbers and the relations between them Abstract: deals with abstract algebraic structures rather than the usual number systems   Linear: focuses on linear equations such as linear functions and their representations through matrices and vector spaces Boolean: used to analyze and simplify digital (logic) circuits, says Tutorials Point. It uses only binary numbers, such as 0 and 1. Commutative: studies  commutative rings—rings in which multiplication operations are commutative. Computer: studies and develops algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and objects Homological: used to prove nonconstructive existence theorems in algebra, says the text, An Introduction to Homological Algebra Universal: studies common properties of all  algebraic  structures, including groups, rings, fields, and lattices, notes Wolfram Mathworld Relational: a procedural query language, which takes a relation as input and generates a relation as output, says Geeks for Geeks Algebraic number theory: a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations Algebraic geometry: studies zeros of multivariate polynomials, algebraic expressions that include real numbers and variables Algebraic combinatorics: studies finite or discrete structures, such as networks, polyhedra, codes, or algorithms, notes Duke Universitys Department of Mathematics.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

A Systematic Approach to Decision Making - 1776 Words

A Systematic Approach to Decision Making A logical and systematic decision-making process helps you address the critical elements that result in a good decision. By taking an organized approach, youre less likely to miss important factors, and you can build on the approach to make your decisions better and better. There are six steps to making an effective decision: 1. Create a constructive environment. 2. Generate good alternatives. 3. Explore these alternatives. 4. Choose the best alternative. 5. Check your decision. 6. Communicate your decision, and take action. Here are the steps in detail: Step 1: Create a constructive environment To create a constructive environment for successful decision making, make sure you do the following:†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ If you have very few options, or an unsatisfactory alternative, use a Concept Fan to take a step back from the problem, and approach it from a wider perspective. This often helps when the people involved in the decision are too close to the problem. †¢ Appreciative Inquiry forces you to look at the problem based on whats ‘going right, rather than whats ‘going wrong. †¢ Organizing Ideas This is especially helpful when you have a large number of ideas. Sometimes separate ideas can be combined into one comprehensive alternative. †¢ Use Affinity Diagrams to organize ideas into common themes and groupings. Step 3: Explore the Alternatives When youre satisfied that you have a good selection of realistic alternatives, then youll need to evaluate the feasibility, risks, and implications of each choice. Here, we discuss some of the most popular and effective analytical tools. †¢ Risk In decision making, theres usually some degree of uncertainty, which inevitably leads to risk. By evaluating the risk involved with various options, you can determine whether the risk is manageable. †¢ Risk Analysis helps you look at risks objectively. It uses a structured approach for assessing threats, and for evaluating the probability of events occurring - and what they might cost to manage. †¢ Implications Another way to look at your options is by considering the potentialShow MoreRelatedRationale For Considering Values And Preferences1447 Words   |  6 Pagesattention to weak recommendations and accompanying values and preferences under these scenarios.2 The systematic review on utilities suggested major bleeding equivalent to nonfatal pulmonary embolism; while intracranial bleed overall was 2 to 3 times worse than major bleed or pulmonary embolism. This relative importance helps guideline panels to weigh the balance of benefits and risks and make the decision accordingly. 16 Considered as significant factors in producing recommendations, the extent to whichRead MoreEssay on Evolution of Management649 Words   |  3 Pagesclassical approach. Under the classical approach efficiency and productivity became a critical concern of the managers at the turn of the 20th century. One of the approaches from the classical time period were systematic management which placed more emphasis on internal operations because managers were concerned with meeting the growth in demand brought on by the Industrial revolution. As a result managers became more concerned with physical things than towards the people therefore systematic managementRead MoreThe Public Health Surveillance And Program Planning Models772 Words   |  4 PagesEBPH involves developing,implementing,and assessing of operative programs and policies in public health by applying ethics of scientific thinking utilizing systematic uses of data and information systems,suitable use of behavioral-science theor y and program-planning-models.1Scholars agree that EBPH provides assurance that decision making is based on scientific evidence and effective practices;helps ensure the retrieval of up-to-date dependable information about what works and doesn’t for public healthRead MoreEssay Problem Solving and Decision Making in Management893 Words   |  4 PagesProblem solving and decision-making are fundamental in all managerial activities. Although these defining characteristics of management can be used interchangeably, current literature makes a comprehensible delineation between the two. Problem solving can be defined as a mental process and is part of a larger process that begins with identifying the problem and ends by assessing the efficiency of the solution. Decision-making is also considered a mental process and identifies several alternativeRead MoreThe Systematic Approach to Training1402 Words   |  6 PagesTHE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO TRAINING A. What is Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) The Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) is a methodology for managing training programmes. It is an orderly; logical approach to determining what people must know and do at a particular job or a specific profession. The systematic approach to training ensures that people are prepared for their work by having the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes to their job. SAT begins with identifying peoples workRead MoreManagement Can Be Seen As An Art1469 Words   |  6 PagesOn the other hand it could be argued that management can be seen as an art. Literature proves the Armed Forces leaders to be the best at managing change â€Å"Orion claims the most effective approach to huge cuts and organisational upheaval is for leaders to persuade their staff to understand why changes are good for them, a process that involves asking employees lots of questions about how they are feeling. This kind of brain-friendly leadership is more prevalent in the armed forces† (Dobinson, 2012)Read MoreTechniques, And Future Challenges Of Industrial Hygiene819 Words   |  4 Pageswill we make decisions regarding multiple independent stressors? †¢ How do we incorporate non-occupational sources into decisions regarding occupational health? †¢ How do we mitigate high-risk personal decisions that overshadow low-risk occupational activities? Industrial hygienists are well skilled enough to make sure that a variety of factors will be combined to make the necessary adjustments for integrated risk-based decision making. In fact, integrating risk and decision making through riskRead MoreEssay about The Army Problem Solving Model783 Words   |  4 PagesMilitary leaders make decisions and solve problems every day. Some need a decision quickly while others can take time. The US Army has several decision-making methods to assist leaders. The Army Problem Solving Model (Process) is a systematic approach to identifying the best possible solution to an issue or problem and a deliberate method of decision-making. (FM 6-0, 2009) Leaders use it to solve a problem when time is not critical and they can put some thought into different solutions. TheRead MoreProblem Solving And Decision Making1492 Words   |  6 PagesNOLYN ROMPAL (1510A675) 602: Problem Solving and Decision Making Assessment 1 PART A. Section I. Question 1. Information that Luke needs: Train schedule Weather Knowledge of the meeting place Conflict in using the bathroom (if sharing with someone else in a flat) Possible delays like traffic caused by road constructions or accidents 1.1. A problem is a question or situation looking for a concept or a solution. It can affect a person’s or organisation’s performance depending on how they perceiveRead MoreExploring Evidence Based Practice And Practice Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesLearning and Practice Assignment details Drawing on a range of evidence discuss how different types of research can be used to support practice. 1500 words  ± 10% Word count 1647 Contents Introduction 2 Quantitative Data 3 Qualitative Data 4 Systematic Reviews 5 Conclusion 7 References 8 Introduction This piece of work will be exploring the different forms of research and their significance in the evidence-based practice. What is research? Due to the evolving nature of occupational

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Economic interdependence as a driver of Regional integration in east Asia Free Essays

string(115) " to support the market-driven economic forces and trade liberalization are entrenching institutional arrangements\." Introduction Regional integration has become the focus globally, and East Asia features prominently with its efforts to formalize cooperation in the region into a workable arrangement for the promotion of trade, investment and security. This cooperation is gaining much attention as the world shifts from a U.S-centered system to a new system in which China is emerging as a power. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic interdependence as a driver of Regional integration in east Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper focuses on regionalism in East Asia driven by economic interdependence among constituent countries. East Asia is a heterogeneous region comprising several tiers of member countries; developed countries such as Japan and Singapore, developing countries like China, Korea and ASEAN, and less-developed countries including Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. This region has diverse ethnic, religious and political aspects, in addition to wide variations in country size, size of population and levels of economic development among constituent countries. The East Asian economies have historically been closely linked through events such as; the establishment of treaty ports by colonial governments that laid foundation for trade within the region, Japanese imperialism in the 20th century that brought about economic integration in northern East Asian (Korea and Taiwan), and the rapid development in East Asian generating linkages that have bias for the region (Beeson 2007). With such early interdependence, however, East Asia is a significant economic area in the world lacking formal institutions that oversee and coordinate regional activities. There are many requirements in the endeavor towards regional institutionalization including enhanced intra-regional trade and investment and market dynamics in favor of the region; Preferential Trade Agreements; intra-regional political focus; rapid economic growth in the region with associated economic liberalization; and the democratization of many countries in the region. (Vision Group Report 2001). All these are contributory factors to the establishment of an East Asia community comparable to leading regional institutions like EU and NAFTA. There are several regional communities with an overlap of roles that could make for a future East Asia community including; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC), ASEAN Regional Forum, ASEAN +3, and East Asia Summit. Economic interdependence in East Asia is considered to be a market-led process due to minimal success in regional institutionalization so far. This process implies various shapes of intensified economic relations and, in this regard, focus is on cooperation in trade, financial and monetary aspects of economies. East Asian economies follow a trend towards intensified ties among them, significantly driven by economic factors rather than institutional arrangements. This trend is evident when we consider intra-regional trade and foreign direct investment among countries constituting East Asia. Integration in trade Integration in trade is a foundation for regional economic cooperation. The major features in East Asia’s trade, as pointed out by Kawai and Motonishi (2004), are a rapid expansion of overall regional trade; a rapid expansion of trade among industries; and a rapid expansion of trade between large corporations and intermediaries in the production process. Such trade patterns supported by the FDI activity of multinational corporations, focus on Asia as a production hub (â€Å"the factory of the world†). As a result, regional integration through trade has deepened with member countries coming together in a variety of informal, intra-industry trade arrangements to exploit the inflow of international trade opportunities. A calculation made by Kwack (2004) on East Asian trade shows that the share of intra-regional trade to total trade rose from 31% in 1980 to 46% in 2003 while the import share rose to 53% from 31%. Intra-regional trade in East Asia was 40 percent in 2009 majorly backed by the Chinese economy whose size provides it with enormous advantage in its new central role in the region. Due to globalization, and the entry of Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese investments into China, trade has increased between companies in these countries and their subsidiaries located in China, forming networks of production. These regional labor and capital-intensive firms have turned to China to evade rising levels of wage and costs at home, which makes it a comparative advantage for them to move their capacity to China. China’s capacity in export gives further incentive as the country’s liberal policy has attracted huge foreign investments. Hong Kong has moved its manufacturing industries to mainland China while focusing on its specialization as a financial and service center. Taiwan and China have, also, developed similar economic relations in recent times though political challenges abound (ADB 2009). Trade through production fragmentation has been the driver of such increased trade integration and is prominent in various sectors including machinery, electronics, textiles and apparel, toys and furniture. The central role of China is enhanced further by the trade and production relationships between it, the other Asian nations and the U.S, with China importing intermediate goods from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, processing them into finished products and exporting them to the US and to the East Asia region (Xu, 2006). From 1990 to 2005, China-ASEAN trade volumes have risen at 22% average year-on-year and in 2006 it reached 160.8 billion dollars, an increase of 23.4% when compared to 2005 figures. At country level, import trade in the region is concentrated among mainland China, Japan, Korea and Taipei, China. Import-share from the other East Asia nations is small, although it is expanding fast. In 2006/7 China accounted for 21.2% of total manufacturing exports from the rest of the region (ADB 2009). East Asia lacks an institutional driving force for the promotion and integration trade as at present even as trade globally is conducted under regional agreements, majorly the EU and NAFTA. Counter to these, there exist customs union and free-trade areas such as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) which are, however, not as large and potent as to be a challenge to EU and NAFTA. East Asia is concerned over investment diversion especially in its markets in Europe and North America which is exacerbated by the financial crisis in 1997. This has forced its policymakers to rethink economic linkages connecting regional economies (Ba 2009). Policies to support the market-driven economic forces and trade liberalization are entrenching institutional arrangements. You read "Economic interdependence as a driver of Regional integration in east Asia" in category "Essay examples" This strategy is evidenced by the launch of ASEAN-China Agreement, and a move towards ASEA-Japan among several ongoing negotiations creating new alliances in favor of liberalization within the region. Foreign direct investment flowing into the region has been a key driver of intra-regional trade. In particular, Japanese multi-national corporations, have an extended presence in the region through FDI, and are playing a pivotal role thereby enhancing integration. The major portions of FDI within ASEAN are characterized by net flow from Japan and Korea to the other ASEAN economies, with Japan taking up 69 percent in the FDI outflow (Frost 2008). In addition to such linkages through FDI, business processes with affiliates supplying intermediate goods creates more points for cooperation. Japan is a prominent center of process fragmentation operations in East Asia, with about a third of all regional exports of components for assembly sourced therein (Ng and Yeats, 2003). Indonesia imports over 70 percent of components for assembly from Japan, while Korea and the Philippines’ regional imports exceed 50 percent. China has come in strongly recently to play this role as a specialist in assembly trade and is a key driver of East Asia’s regional integration process bringing about a shift from the â€Å"flying geese† hierarchical model led by Japan, to the new horizontal intra-regional economic integration commonly referred to as â€Å"galloping dragons†. Other factors have facilitated the operation of a regional production network in East Asia including the easing of trade barriers, stable economic and political environments, access to a skilled labor force, and robust infrastructure. Moreover, the emergence of a middle class in Asia is encouraging the deepening of domestic markets for both intermediate and final products, key in reducing the region’s excessive reliance on the global export market as its engine for growth which open it up to global risks and vulnerabilities. These characterize the economic integration in East Asia which unlike other regions is market-led for lack of formal policy. Financial integration Enhanced trade often requires better financial services and instruments and it, therefore, is a catalyst for greater liberalization. East Asian countries have been keen to liberalize their financial markets to benefit from foreign investment, bank loans across Asian countries and regional investments in equity. However, the pattern of financial integration in East Asia is a global one, not a regional one with countries in the region having deeper financial links with Europe and the United states than with one another. Financial integration in East Asia has, however, been underway driven by deregulation of financial systems, offers of financial services beyond the region, and opening up of capital. Bank loans and investment flow link the regional economies financially and strengthen macroeconomic interdependence (Ba 2009). The financial crisis of 1997-98 taught East Asia the need for monetary and financial cooperation necessary for regional financial stability. The general sentiment is that the region needs to establish â€Å"self-help† mechanisms to prevent and manage possible crises. Such cooperation involves information transfer and policy discussions, setup of mechanisms to support liquidity, financial sector improvement both nationally and in the region to achieve balance, and collective coordination. ASEAN plus 3 members have initiated regional cooperation in finance based on three pillars: the Chiang Mai Initiative creating a regional liquidity support facility; policy dialogue and surveillance; and development of bond markets. The Chiang Mai Initiative aims to reduce shortage in liquidity and, hence, limit crises (Frost 2008). It has created currency swap arrangements totaling 52.5 billion dollars among central banks. Dialogue on policy and regional surveillance on the economy involves assessment of macroeconomic and financial standing of member economies. The ASEAN+3 finance ministers perform this, focusing on global and regional entities, risk assessment, and policy with the development of a financial early-warning system for possible vulnerabilities. Bond markets denominated in local-currency are essential in reducing the temptation to rely on external borrowing and bank-financing for capital requirement. These mitigate currency and maturity mismatches, a common problem of international capital markets. An Asian Bond Fund has been established by the finance minister process, as well, in a bid to stimulate demand in the local bond market, while the Asian Bond Market Initiative (ABMI) stimulates the supply side.. There, also, is enhanced effort in infrastructure development for the bond market including systems for clearing and settlement, bond guarantee, and rating to encourage regional bond issues (Ba 2009). Monetary integration Monetary cooperation in coordination of exchange-rate or as a regional monetary union helps in stabilizing prices and lowering risk related to intra-regional trade. Before the Asian financial crisis, most countries in the region had their exchange rate pegged to the US dollar. Since then, most individual East Asia countries have allowed local currency to float against the US dollar though the move is not a common regional strategy. Despite potential benefits of stability in exchange-rate and an often-discussed single currency, progress is limited on policy coordination (Beeson 2007). The creation of a single currency is viewed by the regional think tank as a long-term agenda, and the region needs to establish a loose arrangement to ensure exchange-rate stability without much policy coordination, a precursor of future developments (Vision Group Report 2001). With the achievement of financial openness in line with convertibility of local currency and regional economic convergence, East Asia would then need comprehensive policy aimed at stabilizing exchange-rates. Such attempts are projected to lead to a single currency in the future or the adoption of a strong currency in the region such as the Yen or the Yuan for its foreign exchange market. This would seem plausible in light of developments. Conclusion The East Asian region has realized considerable integration largely contributed by economic interdependence between countries in the region. This integration is market-driven as institutional support and political endeavor towards cooperation have until recently been limited and still needs further engagement. Several negotiations and agreements are ongoing, focused on better intra-regional ties, a proactive move to spur growth and a response to crises and threats from other blocs. Regional integration in East Asia is, therefore, built primarily upon economic cooperation. Appendix NAFTA –North America Free Trade Agreement. EU- European Union. ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asia Nations. ASEAN+3 – original ASEAN with the addition of three countries, China, Japan and Korea WTO – World Trade Organization. References Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2009. Asian Development Outlook 2009. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Ba, A., 2009. (Re) negotiating East and Southeast Asia. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Beeson, M. 2007. Regionalism Globalization in East Asia: Politics, Security Economic Development. New York, Palgrave MacMillan. East Asia Vision Group Report, 2001. Towards an East Asian Community: Region of Peace, Prosperity and Progress. [Viewed from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/report2001.pdf on 17th March 2012]. Frost, E.,2008. Asia’s New Regionalism. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers. Ng and Yeats (2003), Major Trade Trends in East Asia. In: World Bank Policy Research Paper 3084. Washington, World Bank. Kawai, M. and T. Motonishi, 2004. Is East Asia an optimum currency areaIn: Masahiro Kawai (ed), Financial interdependence and exchange rate regimes in East Asia. Japan. Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance, pp. 157-203 Kwack, S. 2004. An optimum currency area in East Asia: feasibility, coordination, and the leadership role.Journal of Asian economics. 15, 153-169 Xu, N., 2006. China and ASEAN: Summary of the Last Fifteen Year’s Economic and Trading Cooperation. China Business Update. 8. How to cite Economic interdependence as a driver of Regional integration in east Asia, Essay examples

Monday, May 4, 2020

British Columbia Essay Example For Students

British Columbia Essay British Columbia ReportThe Canadian providence of British Columbia is as beautiful as it isrich in natural resources. First, the two main regions of the providence are the Interior Plainsand the many divisions of mountains. The Interior Plains are in the farnortheastern part of the land. The chain of mountains are called theCordilleran Region. The eastern part of the Cordilleran Region are named theRocky Mountains. A little farther to the east that part of the mountains arenamed the Interior System. These make up the majority of the mountains. Closer to the Pacific Ocean the mountains take on yet another name,this time it is the Coast Mountains. On the islands of Queen Charlotte Islandand Vancouver Island there is a small chain of mountains running along thewestern coast called the Insular Mountains. Before the Coast Mountainsreach the ocean they drop to what is called the Coastal Trough, which iswhere most of the population lives. The cities of Vancouver and Victoria arelocated in this trough. Victoria is also the capitol of British Columbia.Forestry in this part of Canada is quite a sizable business. Eventhough it only makes up about 7% of the work force is provides much of thewood products we use. Manufacturing uses about half of the work force inBritish Columbia which is the group of people that change most of the woodinto products that are usable (wood pulp and paper). Construction comes insecond with about a quarter of the jobs here. Although fishing only uses afew people out of the work force it brings more revenue than any otherprovidence with its rich fishing waters and streams full of salmon and otherbountiful fish. With a population near 3-4 million people British Columbiaisnt a substantial providence, but it plays an important role among thepeople of Canada. Words/ Pages : 309 / 24